Investments – what is it? Types of investments. Is it worth investing?

Today we will talk about investments in the modern world. Almost every one of our compatriots knows what investment is. In economic literature, this term usually means investment in an investment project that will bring profit after a certain period of time. Investments can serve different purposes. For example, most investors invest in order to increase the size of their initial capital. To do this, they purchase stocks/bonds, real estate or precious metals.
Various enterprises resort to capital expenditure to increase production capacity in order to capture additional market share. Thus, we can conclude that investments in the modern world have a wide range of applications.

What is investment in simple words?

Investment is investing money somewhere for the purpose of making a profit. In a broad sense, investments can be very diverse - it can be a deposit in a bank, or renting out your tractor to an agricultural enterprise. That is, the goal is simply highlighted - making a profit , and the nature and type of investment activity can be anything.

It is important to understand that not every investment brings money, therefore, when we talk about investing, we mean the process itself, but there are no guarantees of profit. Here it’s all about the investor and his approach - how he chooses the direction of investments, what kind of profitability he wants to receive and what risks he is ready to take. There is general information on the basis of which decisions are made, and a large selection of standard options.

There are many different ways to invest . These are not necessarily the usual monetary investments, but any investments that imply income. If we spend money on learning a foreign language, this will often provide an opportunity to get a higher paid position. Can such an investment be considered an investment? Definitely yes. This is an investment in yourself, in your professional skills. Likewise with time, which, as we know, is also a resource. We spend time improving our qualifications, acquiring new skills, and so on.

Where to invest money: investing in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies

You can have a very exciting experience if you decide to invest in Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies.

Cryptocurrency trading has become very relevant, especially after the phenomenal growth of this market in 2021. Given the high volatility of cryptocurrency markets, traders now have more attractive opportunities to enter and exit trades.

Bitcoin was and remains the market leader, and all other cryptocurrencies now look like altcoins (alternatives to Bitcoin). The largest cryptocurrency also occupies a significant part of the capitalization of the entire crypto market. There is an opinion that with the spread of this class of digital assets, the value of the crypto market will only increase in the coming years.

The most famous cryptocurrency pairs:

❇️ BTC/USD (Bitcoin vs US Dollar)

❇️ BCH/USD (Bitcoin Cash vs US Dollar)

❇️ ETH/USD (Ethereum vs US Dollar)

❇️ LTC/USD (Litecoin vs US Dollar)

❇️ XRP/USD (Ripple vs US Dollar)

Any investment in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies on online exchanges involves high risk. If you want to trade digital assets, it is recommended to invest in Cryptocurrency CFDs, with which you can go long or short without having to own the asset itself.

Admiral Markets offers traders and investors the opportunity to trade and invest in 22 fiat crypto pairs and 10 crypto crosses.

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Investment goals

It would seem that investing involves making a profit. But the modern economic structure is such that this is not always possible; sometimes you have to be content with little. And those who have really large capital set slightly different goals for themselves.

For example , if we have 100,000 rubles and we just keep them in the nightstand, then after 5 years the purchasing power of this amount will be equivalent to approximately 80% of the original one, that is, it will be like 80,000 rubles. The losses will come from inflation. And here you can add risks from the exchange rate. No matter what anyone says, each of us buys mobile phones, foreign cars, and so on. Their value depends almost directly on the exchange rate and can rise sharply, as in 2014.

In connection with the above, there are three main investment goals (but there are more general classifications):

1. Direct profit. That is, we had 100,000, and in a year we want to have 112,000. This covers inflation and remains on top. Using this money again, there will be even more next year, since the 12,000 profit from last year will also bring in income. With the right choice of direction for investment, we get a process in which our amount constantly grows. Depending on how much we had at the very beginning and what our financial needs are, after some time it will be possible to take part of the income and spend it. It is important to remember that income is always proportional to risk - it is impossible to receive large profits without having risks, this only happens in the stories of bloggers and other financial gurus.
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2. Preservation of existing capital. In this case, the main goal is not earnings, but the absence of losses, depreciation, or reduction in purchasing power. Earnings are secondary - if they come, then it’s good, but if they don’t, then it doesn’t matter. As a rule, the directions for this investment are well known and have their own advantages, for example, low risks and almost guaranteed safety of the capital itself. Usually these are very reliable financial instruments, while different business areas are always associated with sudden changes in market conditions (legislative, political and economic reasons). All this can change the situation very quickly. But American bonds have been a hot commodity with a guaranteed return in dollars, and remain so.

   

3. Speculative .
   The further into the past the Soviet era remains, the less negative connotation this word acquires. Nowadays, making money on the difference in the value of the same asset can be called commonplace; speculative investments have become the norm, which will not surprise anyone. In general, this is an absolutely common thing all over the world - people bought bitcoins, realizing that this was just an inflating bubble and it would undoubtedly burst. But everyone hopes to get out early before the collapse begins. There are a huge number of examples, new projects appear every day, and it is also worth noting the overall impact of the same policy on some goods - a drone attack on an oil refinery caused an immediate rise in oil prices, and then they fell. You can make money doing this.

In most cases , the purpose of investment is to increase, but how to do this - calmly, measuredly, or quickly and with nerves, you need to decide based on your preferences, goals and needs . A beginner in this business should stick to conservative options that do not require high qualifications and extensive knowledge.

How investing really works

How investments help you “make” money
By investing money in a particular asset, you can either make a huge profit or lose all the money invested. At the same time, there is a pattern in the investment market: the higher the opportunity to earn, the higher the probability of losing all the money. But if you have available funds and are aware of all the financial risks, then it’s time to learn how investments work.

For example, you decide to learn how to invest in securities traded on the stock exchange. By purchasing shares of a company that indicate ownership, you are buying a share in that company (which one depends on the size of the investment). You can earn money from buying and selling shares or receive dividends (a portion of the company's profits after a specified period of time). Investments in bonds (debt securities) allow you to receive a certain interest in the future from the issuer, which can be the state or a private company.

The easiest way to make investments for a beginner is to buy securities on the stock exchange and sell them at a higher price , and thus earn money. Moreover, you don’t even have to get up from the couch to do this: everything can be done on the Internet. But the main thing to remember is that investing is not blind luck or passive income, but the result of well-thought-out actions.

The main problem with investments is that past experience and profitability of certain investments remain in the past. What awaits the market in a year or two, no one knows. The history of the stock market is not only successes, but also failures (the “sellers” of investment services talk about the latter much less often). In the investment market, some players make money, while others lose money. How to get into the first category? Follow certain basic principles, which together form a unique formula for success .

Time factor + correct setting of investment goals and selection of tools to achieve them + focus on professionalism (consultations with professionals in the field).

Becoming a successful investor takes time. Only professionals can make money from current short-term situations. If you are not ready to wait, then use other opportunities to preserve and increase your capital.

Objects and subjects of investment

The investment space consists of objects and subjects of investment. This information has almost no practical use, but in the future it can simply help not to get confused when studying the issue in more detail. So, they are the following:

1. Subjects of investments. To make it easier to remember, these are persons, individuals and legal entities. This includes investors, management companies, investment funds and others. That is, in essence, these are specific representatives.

   

2. Investment objects are specific objects of material or other value. This includes everything that we invest in - currencies, securities, real estate, shares in a business, and so on.

That is, the easiest way to remember is that subjects are conditionally people and organizations, and objects are material. Let's look at an example. We are going to invest money in Gazprom shares. In order to do this, we, for example, contact the management company of some broker. In this case, the shares themselves will be the object of investment, but the investor himself and the management company will be the subjects.

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FAQ

How can a beginner start investing?

First of all, you need to decide on the starting capital and assign an investment goal . Based on this, form a portfolio: select the necessary instruments (distributing capital between various assets) and think through your investment strategy (amount, timing, risks, etc.).

How to start investing in stocks correctly?

The easiest way for a beginner is to buy shares of a company and sell them after a certain time at a higher price. The difference in the exchange rate when buying and selling will be the profit . By purchasing shares, an investor acquires a certain share of the company and a share in the company (depending on the invested capital). Therefore, in addition to income from purchase and sale, an investor can receive dividends (part of the company’s profit) based on the results of a certain period.

When is the best time to start investing?

It is better to start investing as early as possible . In this case, you will have time to make up for losses and make a profit. In addition, early investments will allow you to increase volumes at a faster rate due to compound interest (interest that is charged on the initial capital and already accumulated interest).

Types of investments and their forms

In general, the classification is considered to be forms of investment, which, in turn, are already divided by type. In principle, no matter what separation option is proposed, the essence does not change, since everything is quite logical. However, each type has its own nuances, which we will discuss below:

By type of object in which we invest:

1. Real investing, which is also sometimes called direct. Let's assume that we have an enterprise, a firm or some type of business. In rare cases, it will not require any investments, that is, the initially launched business will consistently generate income, the process will simply go under the control of the manager. But in most cases this will be production that needs additional injections. The market is constantly changing, new opportunities are appearing, legislative norms are changing somewhere (this is especially true when it comes to working with partners abroad). All this requires certain actions, and therefore the business owner is forced to take measures to maintain financial stability and development. A simple example is updating the taxi fleet, updating equipment on a farm, expanding the list of services for consumers in any industry.

   

2. Financial investing . This means working with financial instruments. Unlike the previous example, this type of instrument usually remains “on paper,” that is, the entire investment process is carried out through the purchase and sale of something. This should not be confused with speculation, which, in general, is very similar, has the same procedure, but usually differs in terms and desires of the investor. Financial investing can be considered using the example of several types of investments - these can be foreign exchange investments, securities on the stock market, and so on.
3. Speculative investing. Everything is the same, only investments are made in areas that seem promising right now. For example, an investment in a stock that is growing in anticipation of the payment of dividends.

   

4. Venture investments. This concept is not very familiar to our citizens, but this type of investment is very popular in the West. At first acquaintance, this may seem like a pure lottery, since the probability of success is not at all high. But it’s the same with cryptocurrencies - you can’t be sure that the coin will increase in price, however, people invest in it and wait patiently. Venture investments may not yield any results, this happens in most cases. But when you manage to invest in a project that subsequently takes off, the income is almost unlimited, it all depends on when the investor decides to get rid of his share. So, let’s figure out what this type of investment is, what advantages and disadvantages it has, and how to generally carry out work in this direction.

   

   Venture investments are investments in interesting high-tech enterprises with great potential, which are still at the stage of just an idea . In simple words, we invest in startups that have promising prospects. An example is cyber prosthetics. Just 30 years ago it seemed like science fiction; it could only be seen in films. And today this, although expensive, is a very real opportunity. Without funding, the developers would not have the opportunity to bring their idea to life. And those who invested in the research and creation of such prostheses now have huge funds - this can be both intellectual property in the form of patents and direct production.

   The basic idea is that we invest money and do not expect to make a profit, no matter how absurd it may sound. The thing is that such projects do not develop into something solid very often, so investors usually invest in a large number of startups at once in the hope that one of them will work. For this you can use venture funds; they greatly simplify the entire process. The main advantage is the opportunity to subsequently earn a lot of money, that is, a very high profitability. A share in such a company will cost tens and even hundreds of times more – let’s remember the example of Bill Gates and his Microsoft. There are no disadvantages as such, except perhaps the possibility of complete loss of investment. But this is an integral part of risk, so venture investments are usually carried out by wealthy people or those who have correctly distributed capital between different areas.

5. Financial investments . This means securities, investments in currencies, in general, the entire list of financial instruments.

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By investment duration:

1. Short-term investments . The time frame can range from several hours to several weeks. Typically, people who value good returns in a short time frame prefer to invest in this category, that is, they expect to receive their profits quickly or transfer them to other areas.
2. Medium-term investments . Investments with a duration ranging from several months to several years. The intermediate stage, where the conservative approach and profit indicator are optimally combined, the investor waits patiently, but at the same time sees a stable result.
3. Long-term investments . This is an investment for at least years. As a rule, this is either the development of a business or investments in long-term financial instruments, for example, 10-year bonds. They have a good profitability, but you will have to wait a long time for payment.

By type of ownership:

1. Private investment . The investor in this case is a private person.
2. Corporate Investments . The investment is made by the company.
3. Foreign investments . The activity takes place outside the country, that is, in another state.
4. Foreign investment . In this case, the investor is a foreigner, that is, the money comes from another state.
5. Mixed . Combinations of the options presented above.

By risk indicator:

1. Risk-free assets. These, as mentioned above, are investments that do not involve the possibility of losses. These include bank deposits and government bonds. You can also add corporate bonds, they are also very reliable, and the yield will be higher than that of government bonds. This also includes investing in real estate. This has always been a relevant and stable way to earn money - we simply rent out premises (residential or commercial) and receive money every month. The market is liquid, it can always be sold, as well as finding a tenant, this is not a problem.
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2. Assets with moderate risks . The basis is securities. It is worth considering a group of so-called “blue chips”; they are reliable and predictable. High liquidity does not allow small players to manipulate quotes; daily trading volumes are measured in billions. You can collect several shares at once, for example, Sberbank, Gazprom. This also includes investing in precious metals - gold, silver, platinum and palladium, but you should carefully read this area and choose the most suitable option.
3. High risk assets . These are stock options, cryptocurrency and business investments. Of course, business can be different, but still few of us can really qualitatively and comprehensively study the industry in order to draw absolutely correct conclusions, so we consider it a conditionally high-risk investment. Cryptocurrency is a little easier, but you need to be patient and buy little by little. It is characterized by fairly large-scale fluctuations, which not every investor’s psyche can withstand. And, of course, there are many different hypes, pyramids and other things. It’s hard to call this an investment, it’s more like roulette. But there are people who have a special instinct and jump out of such projects right at the most necessary moment.

By investment purpose:

1. Portfolio investment. Investing in just one direction is usually relevant only if this direction is in the category of conservative, that is, it does not imply the possibility of losing capital even partially. These include bank deposits (if the deposit amount is less than the maximum payment amount from the Deposit Insurance Agency) and government bonds. We are not in danger of default; there are a lot of reserves. This, by the way, determines foreign investment in Russian debt securities - demand is very high and always exceeds supply. To compile a portfolio, we simply select several options from different risk groups.

   
   1.1 Portfolio investment of money is fundamentally designed to diversify capital not only by risk level, but also by different types. The basis of the portfolio is usually made up of investments in which the investor is more or less confident , for example, it could be several bonds with different maturities, something could be on deposit or stored in foreign currency. With a conservative approach, this should be 50-60% of capital. This will be a constant income that you can count on (except for currency, it may remain at the same level and bring nothing, but it is also unlikely to fall against the ruble). That is, the size of such a “stable” share should be determined individually based on how much profit in monetary terms (not in percentage terms) the investor wants. 1.2 Next we have a part with moderate income, which on average is estimated at 30-40% of the entire portfolio. We remember that stocks can either go up or down, so you shouldn’t invest in securities alone. But they have an undeniable advantage - the payment of dividends. Portfolio investments are usually compiled for a long period with the possibility of periodically adjusting the composition of the portfolio. Therefore, it is quite easy to wait out the lack of growth in share price or even a decrease, simply counting on dividends. There is, of course, the possibility of a crisis, but even in this case, you can play it safe and include protective assets, precious metals or shares of companies related to the production of gold or silver in your portfolio. And in the event of a crisis, increase the share of protective assets, getting rid of falling securities.

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   1.3 The remaining money in the amount of no more than 15% (preferably 5-10%) can be invested in assets that can grow significantly. For example, cryptocurrency. We almost don’t pay attention to the news that the Bitcoin rate has tripled or fallen by 50%; this is perceived as the norm. Accordingly, with patience, you can safely buy coins as they decline, followed by growth. Crypto mining is an entire industry, so each of them has its own production cost, below which quotes are unlikely to fall. That is, the asset is still risky, but it has a relative lower limit to its value, and its growth potential is almost limitless. Another question is the choice of coin. You can also make a list of several options and invest a little in each, but the main part in Bitcoin and Ethereum.

2. Intellectual investments . Quite a lot of different options. This could be an investment in your own development or advanced training, which will subsequently help you achieve better financial results. For example, companies often spend money on courses for employees, and the fact that almost everyone does this speaks to the relevance of such investments.
3. Non-financial investments . You can invest not only in something physical or intellectual. Investments are often made in projects or permits, which may include various types of licenses. On the one hand, it turns out that what can be called an investment in the usual sense, and on the other hand, the presence of such documents opens up new horizons.

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Alternative forms of investment

Defining an investment of this form implies everything else we have left after the first two forms. For example, we want to become a participant in some developing enterprise, that is, to make private investments. To do this, we buy a share in it from the owner of the business. It is quite difficult to estimate such a share; usually they try to proceed from the profitability of the business, whether there are debts, what is happening in the industry and what are the prospects in the future. This is a fairly complex assessment process that will require the investor to be completely immersed in all the information related to the project. In general, it is quite difficult, however, there is an option of investing in venture funds, where specialists handle this entire process instead of us. We will talk about this option further.

The role of government and foreign investment in the domestic economy

Capital investments in the domestic economy at the present stage are aimed at solving large-scale government tasks, including:

1. Stimulating the activity of entrepreneurs. For these purposes, as a rule, both public and private investments are used in certain sectors of the domestic economy.
2. Improving the structure of the state's economy. Public investments are usually used for these purposes.
3. An increase in the number of jobs, which improves the social well-being of our compatriots. For these purposes, both local and foreign investments are used.
4. Stimulating private business with the help of benefits and subsidies, which, in essence, are investments in the local economy by the state.

Investment activity in our country is regulated by the state apparatus. The main actions aimed at regulating investment activities are:

1. Changes in interest rates.
2. Providing local entrepreneurs with various benefits, subsidies, etc.

The effectiveness of government policy regarding investment activities is reflected in GDP growth, as well as an improvement in the economic condition of the country.

Practice shows that sustainable economic growth in the country is ensured by a large number of diverse investors, both private and public, and foreign.

Thus, one of the main tasks of the state is to create a good investment climate in order to attract the maximum amount of investment from abroad.

The domestic government is continuously working to improve the local economic climate by expanding the number of various benefits, discounts and subsidies that both local and foreign investors can count on.

Reinvestment

This is the name given to the process in which funds received from investments are then put back into business. If income is not withdrawn, then capital growth will occur not in the form of an arithmetic progression, but in the form of a geometric one, that is, with acceleration. It's easiest to look at a specific example. Let us have a bank deposit of 100,000 rubles with a fixed rate of 5% net per annum:

1. Every year we take our 5,000. In ten years we will receive an income of 50,000 rubles.
2. We do not touch the income, but add it again to the deposit amount. In 10 years we will have 62,889 rubles.

That is, the difference is significant. And the higher the rate of return or the longer the investment period, the more noticeable the increase in income due to reinvestment will become. There is a rather interesting instrument - ETFs, which already provide for the direction of dividends for the purchase of new shares, that is, reinvestment occurs as if automatically.

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Investing for beginners: risk management of investments in securities and other assets

Whether you are planning to invest in securities such as stocks and bonds, Forex trading or are considering investing in Bitcoin CFDs, you need an appropriate risk management plan to minimize your losses.

You should always remember that financial markets are huge and provide a lot of opportunities, but an investor can either make a profit or suffer serious losses.

Below we will look at several methods for managing risks when trading and investing:

☝️ Diversify your portfolio: it should include different types of investments, different asset classes and instruments. This is probably the easiest way to reduce risk. It reduces the likelihood of asset overexposure and protects the overall value of the portfolio, so it works great.

☝ Follow the trend. You can often hear that trend is your friend. Therefore, one of the main methods of risk management is to buy assets with an uptrend and sell them after they have risen too much in price.

☝️ Be consistent: it is better to regularly set aside a certain amount of money to invest in real assets and derivatives. This can help you achieve greater returns over time.

☝️ Be patient: avoid selling assets at the slightest drop. Market price fluctuations are constant and you need to learn to wait. Give your strategy plenty of time to work.

5. Use Stop Loss: This is one of the most important risk management techniques in trading and investing. A stop loss order will automatically sell your asset if the price falls below a certain level.

Now that we have learned what an investment is, what to invest in, and how to manage the risks associated with our investments, let's take the final steps to start investing, namely, how to choose an investment intermediary and investment platform.

Is it worth investing?

Many of us invest and do not even realize that we are engaged in such activities - a simple example would be a deposit in a bank. The development of the Russian stock market and the launch of the IIS (individual investment account) program have significantly stimulated the population's interest in the market. The main advantage is that you have the opportunity to choose among a huge number of options, each of which is unique. On the one hand, we can buy government bonds and sleep peacefully, knowing that nothing will happen to the capital, since the borrower in this case will be the state. The percentage is not very large, but even in this case it is much more interesting than a deposit, since OFZs are exempt from taxes, plus there are options linked to inflation - we will receive interest equal to inflation plus about 2.5%.

For the more advanced, there is the opportunity to buy shares; this does not require deep knowledge. You just need to choose a tool, and it will be better if it turns out to be a large corporation. There are certainly risks: a crisis may break out and all stocks will fall. But at the same time, there is not a single direction for investing money that would bring tangible profits and at the same time have no risks. This only happens in advertising brochures.

Therefore, each investor simply decides what he likes best, whether he is ready to sit in the red on a transaction with a stock or currency, and how much he would like to earn. If you just keep rubles in a box, then nothing good will happen, they will simply depreciate. In general, given that there are absolutely safe options for investing funds, we can definitely say that you definitely need to invest, otherwise your capital will decrease.

To start investing, you can use the following standard sequence:

1. Make a decision to invest funds . You cannot hesitate here, otherwise the process will not go as it should. That is, if we decide that we are investing money in something, we understand in advance that this money will not be available for some time. In some cases, of course, you can take them away, but then the income will be much less or even losses.
2. Decide on the amount . This should be an amount that will not hit the budget and will not be collected from the last funds. This is investment capital, not a financial airbag!
3. Choose a direction for investment . We assess risks, profitability, and make decisions. It is important to collect as much information as possible about the chosen option.
4. Additional actions . For example, opening an account with a broker to buy shares and replenishing it. Let us immediately note that the best option for working with the stock market is an individual investment account, which over three years will allow you to save a good amount of money on tax deductions.

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Popular myths about investing

Investments are only for the rich. There is no better investment than real estate. Investing is no different from playing in a casino: it’s all about luck...

There are a huge number of other common misconceptions around investing (passive income, you need millions, it will take decades to pay off, etc.). Many people view investing as a complex process: to get started, you need to own a very significant amount of money and graduate from Harvard's economics department. However, investing today is more accessible, simple and safe. And don’t be afraid to start from scratch: you can learn how to invest if you have the desire.

Wrong stereotypes around investments

So, here are the 5 most common myths about investing. ✅

Stock trading is a scam

The first stock exchanges appeared in Antwerp (Belgium) and Lyon (France) in the 16th century. These are trading platforms where various assets are sold and bought : stocks, bonds, units (shares) of exchange-traded funds, oil, currencies, cryptocurrencies, etc. At the same time, the exchange sets trading rules to increase the transparency of companies for investors.

The platform also organizes the trading process, controls participants and guarantees fair execution of transactions.

By purchasing securities of a company, an investor becomes the owner of part of its capital, can participate in the meeting of shareholders and receive income. At the same time, the legality of the operation of exchanges is controlled by regulators (these can be state non-profit organizations or special commissions).

In Russia, the operation of stock exchanges here is regulated by the Central Bank . According to the Law “On Organized Trading,” an exchange can be a joint-stock company that has a license to conduct relevant activities. In the USA this is the Securities and Exchange Commission - SEC, in the UK - the Financial Conduct Authority FCA, in Japan - the Securities and Exchange Supervision Commission SESC.

Thus, trading on the stock exchange is not a scam, but a regulated activity that allows you to earn and receive real income . But, like any investment, it is always a risk, so you should be careful when choosing a broker. Pay attention to the following parameters:

• Availability of a license;
• Accreditation on exchanges and popular trading platforms;
• Amount of commission (fixed fee or % of the transaction);
• Threshold for entering the market.

Read more about how to choose a reliable broker in the ranking of the best brokers in 2021.

To become an investor from scratch, you need a lot of capital

Many people mistakenly believe that if they invest, it will only be millions. And that investing is definitely not for beginners. However, the investment market in 2021 has become more accessible, and newcomers with small capital may well “settle” here.

What amount can you start with? You can create your own investment portfolio from several thousand rubles. Of course, with such an investment it is extremely naive to hope for cosmic capital gains, but training with small amounts and gradually increasing momentum is the best strategy for learning to invest.

Investments that do not require large amounts of capital include: bank deposits, bonds, precious stones and metals. For example, let’s take FINAM: the minimum deposit with a broker to open a Single Account is RUB 30,000.

The layer of people who are not afraid to invest in cryptocurrencies is increasingly expanding. And for this they use investment funds, which are a form of collective investment. Read more about how to choose and start investing using an investment fund.