What is the RTS index in simple words and how to use it correctly to generate income?

Lazy Investor Blog > Stock Exchange

RTS (Russian Trading System) was founded in the fall of 1995 as an alternative to the MICEX platform. In 2011, the MICEX and RTS exchanges merged into a single exchange platform, which became known as the Moscow Exchange. In this article I will talk about what the RTS index is, how to analyze the dynamics of quotes and whether it is worth investing in this instrument at all.

Considering the history and development of the index on the Russian stock market, we will touch upon the following issues:

• What is the RTS index;
• Index composition;
• RTS dynamics;
• RTS Futures;
• How is RTS calculated?

STS car - what is it?

Future vehicle buyers are often interested in what a car’s STS is and what is special about the document. In simple terms, this is a vehicle registration certificate, which looks like a compact card under a protective layer with information about the owner and the car. The presence of STS confirms the subject’s right to own a car. According to current legislation, the vehicle registration certificate must always be in the car along with the VSK OSAGO and identification card. The absence of an STS can lead to an unpleasant conversation with traffic police officers and a fine.

The certificate is considered one of the most significant documents, so the car owner should know what the STS means and what the consequences of its absence are. When completing paperwork, a standard form is used, but from August 2021 it changes (more on this below). Information in the STS is encoded, and its falsification entails liability under the current laws of the Russian Federation.

Decoding the abbreviation

The STS for the car does not have a clear decoding (in the usual sense). This means that each letter does not hide a specific word. The abbreviation STS means a certificate of registration of a vehicle (vehicle). Please note that this abbreviation is rarely used. Car owners and inspectors often use the full title (full version). The reason is that the abbreviation CTC is used in many areas, which can lead to confusion.

Knowing what a vehicle registration certificate is and how to obtain it is necessary for every car owner. You must have such a document with you (together with your car license, compulsory motor liability insurance policy and maintenance ticket). As for the registration certificate, you can leave it at home without fear of accidental loss or theft of the document. After considering the definition of the term and what STS for a car is, we will analyze the appearance and content of the paper.

Determination of the RTS index

The RTS Index (code RTSI) is a kind of indicator of the situation on the stock market. Its value is determined taking into account all completed transactions on the exchange platform and reflects the general level of market value, which is called capitalization. It should be noted that such an indicator for a particular company is determined by multiplying the price of one share by the number in circulation.

At the moment, the RTS and MICEX indices are the main indicators of the dynamics of the stock market of leading Russian companies. The most significant difference between the two indices is that the MICEX is a ruble index, and the RTS is a dollar index. Consequently, the RTS index is affected by both changes in the value of securities and the exchange rate of the national currency (see the article on the devaluation of the ruble).

What does STS look like and what information does it contain?

A vehicle registration certificate is an official document, printed on a special form (issued for vehicle registration certificates) and has several levels of protection. The registration of such paper is mandatory for the owner of the car.

Externally, the vehicle registration certificate is a small card with data on the front and back. On the front there is information about the car (VIN, color and other characteristics), and on the back there is information about the owner and the traffic police department where the car was registered.

The size of the vehicle registration certificate (certificate) is 75 by 100 mm. Thanks to its compactness, it easily fits into any pocket or purse. At the same time, lamination provides reliable protection from negative natural influences.

On a sample of the front side of the STS of the car you can see the following data:

1. Register sign. The vehicle registration certificate is marked with a special set of characters. It is formed from 2 components. Three letters and the same number of numbers are written on the left, and the code of the region of the Russian Federation on the right (it includes two or three characters). Next, the flag of Russia and the English abbreviation of the name of the state (RUS) are drawn. On the sample vehicle registration certificate you can see no more than 12 characters consisting of letters of the Russian alphabet. They are selected in such a way that there is the possibility of duplication with Latin letters. In STS, A, B, E, K, M, N, O, P, C, T, U, X are used.
2. VIN code of the car. As in the PTS (technical passport of the vehicle), the identification number of the car is registered in the STS. When displaying this information, it is allowed to use numbers from zero to nine and Latin characters. The prohibition concerns letters, the use of which may lead to incorrect interpretation. We are talking about I, Q and O. This decision was made to avoid confusion with one or zero. The VIN code includes three elements - the manufacturer's code, a description of the car and its personal parameters. VIN code data is displayed on doors, nameplates and body parts.
3. Make and model. The name of the manufacturing company (for example, Ford) and the car model (Focus, Mondeo, etc.) are indicated.
4. Vehicle type. This parameter is determined by the authorized body dealing with certification issues, taking into account current regulations. Example - truck, bus, passenger car, etc.
5. Category. Data is recorded in the form of Latin letters to determine whether the driver’s category corresponds to the type of vehicle. Thus, category B is characterized by passenger cars, A - two-wheeled vehicles with an engine, D - vehicles designed to transport passengers, and so on.
6. Date of manufacture. This section indicates the year the machine was manufactured. The written number must correspond to the information in the PTS and VIN code.
7. Chassis. The parameter contains 17 characters, which are formed according to the same principle as the VIN code. Information is placed on vehicles with a frame and cargo transport. Cars do not have such an inscription or the word “absent” is written.
8. Body. The body part number is the same as the VIN.
9. Color. Next comes the color of the car and engine power. When specifying the first parameter, shades are not highlighted. In this case, the information in the PTS may differ from the data specified in the STS of the vehicle. This is explained by the individual approach to determining color by traffic police officers.
10. Motor power. In new documents, the parameter is written in kW and hp. This approach is used to accurately determine the amount of tax.
11. Vehicle passport. The column indicates information about the main vehicle document (PTS) - series, number.
12. Permissible weight. Determined by the manufacturer. This is the mass of a loaded car, including people and a filled luggage compartment.
13. Weight without load. The net weight of the vehicle is registered (without people and cargo), but with a full tank and the necessary equipment.

Current-limiting dry reactors

Breakdown of alcohol in the blood

Single and dual current-limiting reactors in series connection for voltages from 6 to 15 kV inclusive and currents from 250 to 4000 A brands RTST, RTSTU, RTSTG, RTSTSG are used to limit short circuit currents (hereinafter short circuit) in electrical networks and maintain the voltage level in electrical installations in case of short circuit. In addition, during an emergency shutdown, the reactors provide a voltage level sufficient to operate the equipment for its own needs. The reactor is a coil without a steel magnetic core with linear inductive reactance. The windings of the coils are made separately for each phase in the form of concentrically located turns, placed in special insulating strips with grooves, forming support columns. The reactor windings are made of reactor wire with an aluminum or copper core. The windings of high current reactors are made of several parallel wires. When laying parallel wires, transposition is used, ensuring the symmetrical location of each wire in the magnetic field. To vertically tie the winding turns, studs, upper and lower channels are used. Reactor terminals are made of aluminum or copper contact bars welded to the reactor wire and contact bolts. The basis for installing the windings are support insulators.

Decoding RTST, RTSTU, RTSTG, RTTSG

R X T X T X X-X-X XX:
R X - S T X S D T X G U X X X XX

Technical characteristics of RTST

Transformers TNSHL. Symbol structure, price, characteristics.

copyright 2013-2019

Who and when is the registration certificate issued?

To issue a vehicle certificate after purchasing a car, the owner goes to the city traffic police and gives the traffic police officers a package of documents (those necessary to obtain the vehicle vehicle in the usual way).
It includes a PTS, a DCT and a vehicle registration certificate issued in the name of the previous owner, compulsory motor liability insurance, a passport and a power of attorney (if a representative is involved in registration). The following is the algorithm:

• submitting an application to register a car and obtain a certificate;
• payment of the fee to the state and provision of a document confirming payment;
• waiting until the car is checked and the information is verified to be correct;
• obtaining an inspection report and new documents (it is necessary to obtain the STS and PTS of the car with changed data).

When buying a used vehicle, it is better to worry about the security of the transaction and conduct the transaction in the presence of the previous owner and in the presence of an STS. As a last resort, you need to indicate in the DCT that if it is impossible to register the car, the transaction will be cancelled.

Sometimes representatives of the traffic police may refuse to issue an STS. This is possible if there is false information in the documents and inconsistencies are identified during inspection of the car. The document is not issued if there are encumbrances or a registration ban, or if signs of exchange are identified. If such difficulties arise, you need to fix the problem or seek help from a lawyer.

New form of certificate

From August 1, 2021, a new vehicle registration certificate will appear. Traffic police officers and other authorized bodies decided to update the document. For now, the previous version of the car’s STS is in effect, but at the end of summer the traffic police will issue an updated version. When drawing up the form of the new vehicle registration certificate, the experience of other countries was taken into account, as well as the trend of switching to adding chips.

The updated version will have a size of 8.56 by 5.4 cm. On the sample (example) of the front side of the STS you can see information about the owner of the car (in the old version, the car data is indicated on the main page). The technical component is moved to the reverse side. The registration certificate of a new vehicle will contain information about the make, model, VIN number, color and other data. In general, the content of the new document remains unchanged.

Over time, it is planned to issue state registration certificates for vehicles with a built-in chip and a special form of state registration. It will contain complete information about the owner and information about the car. The traffic police representatives do not stop there. In the future, the outdated version of the document will be replaced by an electronic certificate of vehicle registration. The same principle is planned here as in the case of digital PTS. Information about the owner and the car will be available through the application on the phone.

The procedure for obtaining a vehicle's vehicle registration certificate and the amount of the duty have already been determined. The amount to be paid is 1500 rubles. For comparison, a standard document of the old version costs three times less. At first, traffic police representatives will allow

car owners have to choose between paper or plastic, but subsequently everyone will switch to the new document sample.

All ST definitions

What is STS used for a car?

STS is a document containing detailed information about the owner of the car and the characteristics of the car. Based on the available information, a database is formed. After stopping the car, the traffic police inspector can find out about the existence of a debt and the legality of ownership of the car.

In what cases is it presented and to whom?

According to the law, the car owner must have an STS for the car. As for the PTS, you can leave it at home and not take it anywhere. Traffic police officers have the right to check the presence of a certificate when stopping a car owner. The driver’s STS is also required when registering a car, which must be taken into account when collecting documents.

The information in the vehicle state registration certificate is enough to determine the fact of theft and obtain information about the owner. In addition, information from the car’s STS can be useful when selling the car. The presence of this document allows you to find out about the debts of the previous owner (seller).

Many people believe that car documents in the form of STS can replace PTS. This is a misconception. A technical passport for a car does not replace a certificate. If the driver does not have STS, he is liable under the Code of Administrative Offenses (Federal Law No. 195). The following penalties are possible:

• verbal warning;
• penalties of 500 rubles if there is no STS;
• a fine of 500-1000 rubles if there is no certificate and one more piece of paper from the required package (for example, no driver’s license and vehicle registration certificate);
• financial penalty of 5,000 rubles. in case of repeated absence of vehicle STS.

Decryption of STS for a car

Because it contains all the necessary information about the car and its owner.

And a meeting with a traffic police officer, for a driver without a registration certificate, can result in at least a warning, and at most a parking ticket. STS is one of the necessary documents that grants the right to travel on the road by car.

Some drivers often confuse the registration of a certificate with a PTS (vehicle passport); the differences between these documents are immediately noticeable.

Information included in the state certificate.

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Vehicle registration certificate, where to see the number

To begin with, it’s worth saying a few words about what a vehicle registration certificate is. This document is issued to each motorist after registering the car with the traffic police. In principle, the document duplicates the vehicle passport.

The license plate assigned to the vehicle; VIN - code. This set of characters is an individual number that is given to each car at the manufacturer's factory.

In accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, if the passport data is changed, it is necessary to replace the vehicle passport, as well as the vehicle registration certificate, within ten working days.

If the car is no more than three years old - for domestic cars or 15 years old - if the car is a foreign car, in this case it is necessary to obtain permission from the vehicle search department to determine whether the car is wanted.

Based on the results of the inspection, a corresponding note will be placed on the application.

In this case, the validity period has its exceptions. If a citizen is on the territory of the Russian Federation temporarily, and does not have a national driver’s license with him, he can obtain a Russian license on a general basis, but for the duration of the registration documents, granting the right to temporary residence in the country.

What should you always have with you on the road: PTS or STS? The driver must always have a vehicle registration certificate (abbreviated COP) with him when driving.

If the car document (STS) is missing and you cannot show it to the traffic police, you will have to pay a fine (500 rubles). It is possible that the police will take the car to the impound lot.

What kind of document is this - STS, and what information does it contain? A vehicle registration certificate is issued to a specific person – the owner.

STS - vehicle registration certificate is one of the main and necessary documents giving the right to drive a specific car.

Together with the driver’s license, it must be with the driver at all times while driving, so that it can be presented to the traffic police inspector if necessary. Its absence during the inspection may result in the loss of 500 rubles in the form of a fine or the car being sent to the impound lot.

Certificate of registration of a vehicle (TC)

1. The registration plate consists of three letters indicating the series of the license plate and three digits of the vehicle number itself.

Also on the right side of the license plate is the registration region code and the Russian flag with the inscription RUS. According to the adopted GOST, 12 Cyrillic letters are allowed for use on signs, having graphic analogues in the Latin alphabet - A, B, E, K, M, N, O, R, S, T, U and X.

In this article we will talk about the vehicle registration certificate (abbreviated as STS or CoR).

This document is a registration document, i.e. issued when registering a vehicle with the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate. The front side of the STS contains information about the car and almost completely duplicates the front side of the vehicle passport.

The only important difference is that the registration plate is indicated in the first field, i.e.

What are STS and PTS - are they the same thing or not?

PTS can be deciphered as “Vehicle Passport”.
It is the main document issued for any car. A PTS certifies your prerogative to own a vehicle.

If you have a passport with a car, you can carry out operations such as purchase, sale, re-registration to another owner, mortgaging, etc.

You do not have to carry this vehicle document with you every time you use the car.

STS can be deciphered as “Vehicle Registration Certificate”. It is considered one of the main documents for a car, which citizens often cannot distinguish from a title.

Types of costs

14.12.2009

In the previous paragraph, in search of the optimal combination of factors of production, the firm could change both labor and capital. However, in practice, it is much easier for a company to hire additional workers than to purchase new equipment - capital. The latter requires more time. In this regard, in production theory, a distinction is made between short and long periods.

In the long run, a firm can change all factors of production to increase output. In the short run, some factors of production are variable, while others are constant. Here, to increase output, the firm can measure only variable factors. Prices for factors of production in the short run are assumed to be fixed. It follows that all costs of a company in a short period can be divided into constant and variable.

Fixed costs

(FC) are costs whose value does not change with changes in output, i.e. These are the costs of fixed factors of production. Typically, fixed costs include depreciation, rent, interest on loans, salaries of management and office employees, etc. Fixed costs usually include implicit costs.

Variable costs

(VC) are costs whose value changes with changes in output volume, i.e. These are the costs of variable factors of production. These usually include wages of production workers, costs of raw materials and materials, electricity for technological purposes, etc.

In theoretical microeconomic models, variable costs usually include labor costs, and fixed costs usually include capital costs. From this point of view, the value of variable costs is equal to the product of the price of one man-hour of labor (PL) by the number of man-hours (L):

VC=PL*L

In turn, the value of fixed costs is equal to the product of the price of one machine-hour of capital (PK) by the number of machine-hours (K):

FC=Pk*K

The sum of fixed and variable costs gives us total costs

(TC):

FC + VC = TC

In addition to total costs, you also need to know average costs.

Average fixed costs

(AFC) are fixed costs per unit of output:

Average Variable Costs

(AVC) are variable costs per unit of output:

Average total costs

(AC) is the total costs per unit of output or the sum of average fixed and average variable costs:

When analyzing a firm's market behavior, marginal costs play an important role. Marginal Cost

(MC) reflect the increase in total costs with an increase in output (q) by one unit:

Since only variable costs increase with output growth, the increment in total costs is equal to the increment in variable costs (DTC=DVC). We can therefore write:

You can put it this way: marginal costs are the costs associated with producing the last unit of output.

Let's give an example of cost calculation. Let there be 10 units upon release. variable costs are 100, and at output 11 units. they reach 105. Fixed costs do not depend on output and are equal to 50. Then:

In our example, output increased by 1 unit. (Dq=1), while variable and total costs increased by 5 (DVC=DTC=5). Consequently, an additional unit of output required an increase in costs by 5. This is the marginal cost of producing the eleventh unit of output (MC = 5).

If the total (variable) cost function is continuous and differentiable, then the marginal costs for a given volume of output can be determined by taking the derivative of this function with respect to output:

or

Category: Cost Analysis

Relationship in car documents

• 
  Both the vehicle passport and the STS always have the Goznak seal, have security holograms, as well as watermarks. Issued on government letterhead.

• During the issuance of PTS and STS, these documents are assigned the same number and series. They are issued simultaneously for the convenience of filling out databases.

Thanks to this, if a traffic police officer has questions during the detention of a car, you can check the presence of unpaid fines and the history of the car purchased second-hand. This is done by entering the number or series of PTS, or STS, into the search bar of the database, if the owner has any of these documents with him.

• PTS and STS can be obtained at every traffic police department, but PTS are received here only in case of loss or damage to the document.
• In case of loss or loss of proper appearance as a result of long-term use of PTS and STS, the owners need to replace the documents. You also need to replace your papers if you have changed your last name or place of residence.

In our country, there are often cases of forgery of certificates and passports. Before purchasing a car, you must carefully study the vehicle's passport. It is necessary to carefully check the authenticity of the vehicle passport. If you have even the slightest doubt, it is advisable to refuse this purchase.

If you decide to buy a used car through an advertisement or from friends, you need to make sure that all the necessary documents are available. If any of the documents presented are missing, refrain from purchasing.

This is what a vehicle passport (PTS) looks like:



Below is a sample vehicle registration certificate (VRC):

Stock market

The stock market provides its participants with the opportunity to receive significant profits by investing wisely. Having studied the basics of activities on its sites, players can be guaranteed to increase their assets. Compared to other investment options, the percentage of income received on the stock exchange is much higher. And the ratio of supply and demand at times of price fluctuations can change more quickly than in other sectors of the economy.

The main products on the stock exchange are securities. In the Russian Federation, until 1995 there was an RTS stock exchange, which was subsequently transformed into the RTS through the merger of the RTS market and the MICEX.

The functional purpose of the stock exchange is to fulfill a certain number of conditions:

• uniform distribution of the money supply between different sectors of the economy;
• accumulation of funds, as a result of which free assets can be invested in various areas of the economy;
• simplifying the process of finding investors for representatives of specialized organizations;
• regulation of uneven distribution of cash flows to eliminate crisis situations in the country's economy.

The stock market is primary and secondary . At the primary stage, newly issued shares are sold, and at the secondary stage, previously released assets are resold.

The subject of trading on the stock exchange can be any assets of companies around the world

General characteristics

Both the PTS and the STS indicate the technical characteristics of a given vehicle; in them you can find basic information about the owner of the vehicle.
Copying information about the owner into PTS and STS helps in creating a database of owners. This allows special services to track vehicle sales. As in the transport passport, so in the certificate, the number is indicated, the state seal is affixed, and measures are taken to protect the document.

The following data is entered into each document:

The VIN is a one-of-a-kind identification code that is issued for each vehicle. This code must consist of 17 characters and includes both numbers and Latin letters.

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