Investment product: types, definition, regulation

Most modern people understand that money has no place at home in a nightstand or dresser drawer. After all, it is not enough to simply accumulate savings. It is necessary to preserve, and even better, increase your own funds. To do this, they should be invested in investment products, goods or services.

Unfortunately, most of the citizens of our country have a very limited understanding of the theory and practice of investing. These people are accustomed to investing their free cash in a bank chosen on the basis of their ideas about the reliability and profitability of investments.

At the same time, the modern financial world offers a huge number of investment services, products and goods that can bring much greater returns to the investor. Let's take a closer look at their types and look at everything using specific examples.

Investment rules

Each investment direction has its own subtleties, but there are a number of general recommendations that will be useful to you on any path. So, how to invest money correctly:

• Operate only with your own money. No debts or loans.
• Create a reserve for a rainy day (calculated for 3-6 months of living without income).
• Operate only with the amount intended for investment - do not touch your living wage and safety cushion.
• Work only with those assets and areas whose essence and operating principles you understand.
• Avoid spontaneous decisions - only deep analysis, only a comprehensive risk assessment.
• Diversify risks. This term means spreading investments between several directions and assets, so as not to lose everything at once. This approach ensures high overall stability of invested funds (if something has fallen, then something has risen - the balance is maintained).
• Don't chase quick money. All highly profitable areas are very risky. The layman's main bet should be on reliable, stable and protected assets, which should make up at least 50% of your portfolio.

What are shares and the stock market?

Shares are units or pieces of a company. Each share allows you to own a piece of the company. Investors have two ways to make money through stock ownership. The first way is through capital gains. The second way is to receive dividends.

Taking into account capital gains, when the price of your shares becomes higher than the price at which you bought them, you can sell them for a profit. Let's say you bought a stock for $10, and the next week the stock went up to $14. When you sell them next week, the profit made is $4.

Read: Tinkoff investments: tariffs and operating principle.

What drives stock prices day to day? Stock market (also called secondary market). The stock market is where buyers and sellers of stocks come together and exchange shares for money.

Undesirable directions

Typically, investment assets are divided into 3 categories, according to the degree of risk: conservative (safe), moderate and aggressive. The latter involve a high level of risk with the chance of significant returns; To make a profit from them, you need knowledge, skills, and experience. However, there are even more dangerous directions, not because of the complexity, but because of the fraud factor.

Any investor, any holder of money is a desirable target for swindlers of all stripes. There are a lot of different fraudulent schemes, but there is one key sign. If you are promised fabulous profits (hundreds and thousands of percent per annum), and guaranteed, with a minimum of gestures, this is a scam. Throw such “projects” out of your head and forget them like a bad dream. And now – about specific work areas.

So where do people invest their money?

Possible problems

Like any activity, investing has its challenges. Thus, it is riskier compared to classical income generation systems; there are many legislative restrictions, as well as strict control by the Central Bank. The latter can simply prohibit the most profitable (but also risky) transactions, as this will disrupt the overall stability of the country’s financial system.

Bank deposits

The best way to protect your money. The calmest, simplest and most reliable option. We choose a bank, select a deposit, and after the agreed time we withdraw the amount indicated in the agreement.

This is an investment where you can invest your funds with minimal risk. If a bank collapses, we take the insurance money (state deposit insurance program, up to 1.4 million rubles for each individual bank).

Such reliability is compensated by modest profitability - after deducting losses from inflation, the real profit on average is a couple of percent. In addition, you will not be able to use the funds until the end of the contract; early withdrawal will result in loss of interest.

Advantages

The benefits that new investment products provide are quite numerous. The first of these can be considered the amount of profit received. It is clear that the bank, as a rule, receives more income than the client himself. But he also bears the risks independently (at least in most cases). The second advantage is the help of specialists. Theoretically, anyone can independently become a player on the stock exchange and invest at their own discretion. However, in fact, such an approach will most often lead to the fact that a person or legal entity will simply lose their money if they do not use the services of specially trained employees.

Currency - the moderate way

The main currency pair dollar-euro is a good long-term asset today. Both currencies have a stable tendency to strengthen against the ruble, so such a currency stash will grow on its own, even “under the pillow.” When deciding where to invest in order to make a profit, you can also pay attention to more exotic options (Japanese yen and Swiss franc). Of course, there is also the British pound, but with the upcoming Brexit it is dangerous to bet on it.

Flaws

Naturally, there are always disadvantages. Thus, investment products still remain not only the most profitable financial instrument of all existing ones, but also the most dangerous in terms of possible risks. Most often, the bank still returns to the client the amount that he deposited, but the profit may not be expected. Moreover, in some cases, when the organization’s income situation is very difficult, you can wait a very long time for a refund.

Currency - speculation

With repeated exchange transactions with cash currency in a short period of time, you will not be able to gain profit due to the commission. But there is a way to effectively play on the difference in rates - the Forex platform. On it you can buy and sell currencies, on much more favorable terms than purchasing the same dollars or euros from a bank.

In order to do business in Forex profitably, you need to have a strategy, knowledge of the mechanisms of this area of ​​​​trading and, of course, experience. Without a systematic approach and nerves of steel, currency trading will turn into a casino for you, where the chance of winning is very, very low.

Features and reasons for appearance

The need for such an instrument as investment products arose relatively recently. Until this point, banks were quite successful in making a profit by taking out loans at a small interest rate and then providing them to their own clients at a higher rate. In addition, these organizations actively used their own funds, because the deposit rate is always lower than the loan rate. However, the market situation gradually stabilized, and now, if you can make money on such a difference, it is only relatively small money, by the standards of banks. As a result, financial organizations began to look for alternative livelihood options and came to the conclusion that the sale of investment products is the most profitable method for making money and carrying out further activities.

Precious metals

A leisurely (only for a long game), but a very reliable investment option. In terms of profitability, it looks very good compared to other conservative directions. Long-term tracking shows a stable increase in the price of gold, while this indicator is rather weakly affected by various market fluctuations and shocks.

How can an individual invest money in investments in this area? You can operate with bullion, coins, and impersonal metal accounts. For a beginner, the account will be the optimal solution - the least amount of associated expenses and gestures.

How to evaluate investment attractiveness?

Investment attractiveness is a combination of certain characteristic features of a company that reflect the effectiveness of possible investments in its further development. In this case, the main indicator is the receipt of stable income over a long period of time.

The attractiveness of an enterprise from an investment point of view also refers to the level of efficiency of the enterprise's use of its own and borrowed funds, its solvency and liquidity ratio.

In modern practice, assessing the investment attractiveness of a company is based on a comprehensive analysis of its financial condition.

The main factors that you should pay attention to when assessing a company for a possible investment are:

• level of professionalism of senior management;
• having a clearly defined concept, mission, strategy and business plan;
• the presence of certain competitive advantages, as well as potential opportunities to achieve leading positions in the market sector;
• potential opportunities to increase the company's profitability in future periods;
• the degree of transparency of the company's financial sector;
• commitment to the principles of corporate governance, compliance with all norms and rules of the internal organization;
• degree of protection of share capital;
• the presence of potential opportunities for obtaining a high return on investment.

Assessing the investment attractiveness of a company is based on calculating the following financial performance indicators:

• liquidity – reflects the company’s ability to quickly convert its own assets into financial assets if such a need arises;
• profitability - shows how effectively the company uses all its financial capabilities;
• business activity – reflects all ongoing financial processes that have a direct impact on the company’s profit;
• property position - shows what share in the total property of the company is occupied by current and non-current assets;
• dependence of the financial sector - shows how dependent the company is on external financing and whether it can function without it.

There is currently no uniform method for determining the attractiveness of a company for investment. To evaluate each object, an individual set of methods is used, and the indicators and factors that allow a better analysis of the activities of a given company are taken as a basis.

The most common methods for analyzing the attractiveness of an investment property are:

1. Discounting cash flows. The analysis allows you to see the current cost of the planned project. The advantage of this method is the ability to determine the company's potential, however, the results obtained are suitable for use only in the short term, since it is necessary to take into account constantly changing market conditions;
2. Analysis of regulatory documents. The method is based on a detailed analysis of the indicators displayed in the financial statements of the enterprise over the last few years of activity. Based on the results, a picture of the enterprise’s performance is compiled and recommendations are made regarding the advisability of investing in a given facility;
3. Analysis of the influence of internal and external factors. The basis of this method is the construction of a model of the impact of the determining factors of the internal and external environment on the attractiveness of the object from an investment point of view. The advantage is the possibility of detailed analysis of the company’s activities from different angles. The Delphi expert method is often used to perform the analysis.

Also, when using a certain method for assessing the investment attractiveness of an enterprise, such key performance indicators as product profitability, level of resource base provision, production capacity utilization, number of personnel, availability of fixed production assets, etc. are studied.

Securities - the moderate path

Purchasing shares and bonds of various companies in order to create a source of passive income. For both categories, regular accruals are made (dividends, coupon payments), which allows, by purchasing such securities once, to form a source of passive income. If you take blue chips as shares (securities of large, stable companies, with virtually no risk), then in combination with bonds (which themselves demonstrate high reliability) you can form a conservative-moderate package with a decent return.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs).

ETFs are securities that track an index, bonds, or basket of assets. These are very similar to mutual funds, but the difference is that ETFs are traded on a stock exchange. This is why ETFs have higher liquidity than mutual funds. This type of security also has lower fees, making it very attractive to individual investors.

Exchange-traded funds with similar stocks and mutual funds can generate dividends and capital gains.

ETFs are also safer than stocks because they are diversified from investing in a basket of assets. Each ETF has different types of investment strategies, so there is risk between different ETFs.

Investment portfolio

Practical implementation of the previously mentioned principle of diversification. Your investments should be distributed among several assets, and the more such assets (within reasonable limits) and the more diverse they are, the more reliable your “container” will be.

There are countless specific options for portfolio layout, but there are some general principles. The majority of a beginner’s portfolio should consist of conservative assets (at least 50%), with moderate assets in second place (about 30%). As a result, the main “body” of the set will be deposits, bonds, gold, shares, currency - this is where you need to invest money to make a profit with minimal risk. A small share can be reserved for something highly profitable and dangerous.

Today it is worth paying special attention to this area - the global crisis has led the market to decline, and today there is an opportunity to create your own personal set of assets for less investment. Of course, it won’t be easy to choose positions that will definitely win back after the end of the crisis - so it’s worth seeking advice from a professional.

Investments

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Mutual fund, PAMM, trust management

The repeatedly mentioned need to acquire special skills for trading has an alternative - you can use other people's skills and experience. We are talking about various formats of trust management - an arrangement in which a third-party specialist takes over the management of money or assets. Your interest is the opportunity to receive passive income, his interest is commissions from this income. The most famous options:

• Mutual investment fund is the purchase of a share in a mutual investment fund, in fact, shared ownership of a piece of a huge corporate portfolio;
• PAMM account - issuing money in trust to a broker for Forex operations.

Is it possible to invest money in investment companies? It is possible and necessary - but the determining factor for success will be the choice of a good broker.

Services

Investment services are provided by various financial market entities. These could be banks, consulting agencies, brokerage companies.

In particular, consulting agencies specialize in collecting, analyzing and providing information about a particular investment asset or entity. The services they provide are very diverse. For example, specialists from a consulting agency can undertake the development of an investment strategy, which will include an assessment of the characteristics of the industry chosen by the investor, the level of potential risks and other indicators.

Investment services provided by banks require a separate serious discussion. Let's look at a specific example. This type of service includes the purchase or resale of shares (bonds, other securities). In this situation, the bank can act as an intermediary and guarantor of security for the issuer placing shares or for an investor who wants to buy them.

Brokerage companies provide services to private investors regarding the formation and trust management of their money. In particular, the broker can, on the customer’s instructions, create and manage an investment portfolio. Such services are necessarily specified in an agreement between the parties, which stipulates all the terms of cooperation and the commission for the work.

>Real estate

Thinking about where to invest big money? One of the oldest and most effective ways of investing is at your disposal. Real estate is very stable, in demand, protected from inflation. Payback options:

• resale at a higher price (it may take time to find a buyer, but as a result of the transaction you immediately receive a huge amount, including compensation for your investment plus profit);
• rental (long payback, but an excellent source of passive income).

However, with all its advantages, real estate is a long-term tool, and to enter this area you need very serious starting capital.

What are investment goods

The capitalist world for modern man dictates special requirements that are directly related to money.
Thus, the basic rule is to rationally use the material resources that have been accumulated during a specific period of activity. The principle of operation involves the use of free capital to increase assets and generate additional income. For this purpose, there are various investment directions, among which the investor can choose the most effective option for himself. For example, invest in deposits or shares of a large and actively developing company. Today, a huge selection of goods, products and services are offered that can bring high income. Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages and level of profitability.

Investment product is one of the fundamental terms in general economic practice. According to experts, this concept is intended to be taken literally, which means it defines goods that were purchased with funds from investments. Their main goal is to replace, renew and improve the quality of basic resources. Investors use such methods to improve production technologies. Products most often include funds received as a result of construction and engineering activities.

With the help of investment goods, the enterprise is modernized, production capacity is increased, and the number of manufactured products is increased. Among them it is worth highlighting the main varieties:

1. Constructions and buildings of various designs and technical characteristics. These can be workshops, factories, electrical installations, warehouses, offices and others. The group includes multifunctional buildings that provide conditions for the full functioning of the enterprise.
2. Transport routes. This type of communications includes roads for road and rail transport, as well as pipelines for pumping oil, gas and petroleum products.
3. Production Possibility Lines. This category includes a complex of industrial equipment and mechanical components used in the enterprise for the production of products.
4. Source materials and raw materials. The group includes all kinds of resources that a plant or workshop accepts for the production of final consumer goods.

You can start investing in goods only after studying the basic concepts of the financial sector. Lack of skills and practice can lead to unprofitable investments and loss of capital. Also, the investor’s task is to familiarize himself with the key characteristics of the objects of the activity under consideration, in particular the industries in which it is intended to invest funds.

>Organization of your own business

Creating your own source of income. Options - no account, no commissions, everything you earn is all yours. However, all the risks regarding the “didn’t work” option are also yours, and only yours.

If you don’t know what business you can invest money in, pay attention to buying a franchise. It seems like it’s also a business, but not from scratch, but on a turnkey basis. A well-promoted brand, a proven structure, supply chains and other mechanisms have already been created, debugged and working. Overall, it's a much easier start.

Criterias of choice

The safety of investments and profitability in the stock market directly depend on which investment fund the investor has chosen. To determine the appropriate option, you need to do the following:

1. Determine how much money can be allocated. The smaller it is, the narrower the range of possibilities.
2. Find out what the turnover period is. Each fund has its own. For example, buying real estate is a long-term investment. When investing in bonds and stocks, money moves faster, but the risk increases.
3. Choose the type of investment fund, paying attention to its liquidity. Mutual funds and ETFs are suitable for beginners. Experienced investors who know how to balance risk and return can choose real estate funds or mixed ones.
4. Select a management organization. Citizens can cooperate with Russian brokers or transfer money to one of the foreign companies. American investment funds are popular among investors in many countries around the world: BlackRock, Vanguard, etc.
5. Having selected several organizations, you need to look at their places in the rankings. They are compiled by Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings. Among the Russian ones: “Expert RA” and NRA. Information is published in the public domain.
6. Make your final choice.

Popular funds managed by major companies have performed well. When comparing several organizations, you need to pay attention to the period of operation of the investment fund on the market and the size of the minimum investment amount. It is worth checking with representatives of the organization whether regular customers have benefits and discounts. You also need to find out in what cases it is allowed to exchange shares of one fund for another.

>Cryptocurrencies

A young field in which there are still too many questions, from legal status to prospects and factors influencing the course. Bitcoin or Ether is a very aggressive, risky asset, and we can in no way recommend making it a primary investment goal. However, at one time, it was cue ball that showed stunning growth (both in pace and in numbers), so the likelihood of recapturing and increasing investments remains quite significant.

Rating of world investment funds

Investment funds operate in many countries around the world, the largest organizations are located in the USA. There are several companies in Russia that occupy high positions in the ratings.

Northern Trust

Northern Trust began operations in 1889 and is headquartered in Chicago. The financial company serves wealthy people and works with institutional investors.

Financial company Northern Trust has been in business since 1889.

The organization is engaged in settlement and cash services and lending. It provides brokerage services and cooperates with insurance companies and pension funds. She offers financial consulting and property management to individuals.

Clients are located in many countries around the world. The company's employees calculate risks and provide analytical services.

BlackRock

The organization's headquarters is located in New York. When it comes to assets under management, BlackRock ranks first among companies.

BlackRock manages hundreds of funds.

The firm began operations in 1988 as part of the BlackStone Group. In 1992, separation occurred. This is how the name BlackRock came about. There are 8 people among the founders of the investment fund, headed by Lawrence Fink. The company's clients are located in more than 100 countries, and BlackRock manages hundreds of funds.

The Vanguard Group

Vanguard Group partners with institutional investors and individuals. The organization provides the opportunity to invest in funds trading on the exchange. The company provides consulting services. Specialists help clients in the field of financial planning and management of retirement savings accounts.

The Vanguard Group provides financial planning services,

management of savings pension accounts.

Fidelity Investments

The company has been operating since 1946. It manages assets and carries out transactions with securities on behalf of clients. Investment fund employees deal with pension savings, asset insurance, etc.

Fidelity Investments has been in the financial services market since 1946.

PIMCO

This international organization invests in commodities and stocks. She works with hedge funds and ETFs. PIMCO offers wealth management services. Its clients include pension and sovereign funds, individual and institutional investors. The organization's headquarters is located in California. The company opened representative offices in Asia, European countries and South America.

The PIMCO investment fund invests in commodities and stocks.

T. Rowe Price

T. Rowe began business in 1937 and is headquartered in Baltimore. The organization offers clients a choice of investment funds. Specialists provide advice to institutional and individual investors and manage pension savings. The company acts as a financial intermediary in transactions. Representative offices of the organization are open in many countries around the world. Among them are Singapore, Japan, Great Britain, etc.

T. Rowe Price is headquartered in Baltimore.

BlackStone

BlackStone Group has been operating since 1985. The organization was founded by Stephen Schwarzman and Peter Peterson, who worked at Lehman Brothers before creating their own business. BlackStone's clients include Procter and Gamble, Sony, Microsoft and other large companies. The fund specializes in direct investments and real estate investments. The company offers clients hedging and lending services.

BlackStone brings together several investment funds.

Several investment funds operate under the name BlackStone. They manage pension savings and funds of insurance organizations. The company cooperates with wealthy individuals and institutional investors.

Since 1992, the company has been engaged in equity investment, purchasing properties and securities related to real estate. In its activities, BlackStone focuses on the acquisition of office space and hotel complexes. During the mortgage crisis in the United States, the investment fund bought private homes, which were later put up for sale. After the economic recovery, the organization sold them at an increased price.

The investment fund has broad interests: from the acquisition of television channels and amusement parks to investments in energy and security.

Carlyle Group

The company began operating in 1987 and is headquartered in Washington. The Carlyle Group has concentrated assets in its portfolio, some of which are in the renewable energy sector. Since 2012, they have been managed by a subsidiary of an investment fund called Cogentrix.

Kohlberg Kravis Roberts

KKR & Co has been operating in the American market since 1976, with offices open in 16 countries. The headquarters of the investment fund is located in New York. The organization's specialists are engaged in private capital management. Traders invest clients' funds in real estate around the world, infrastructure construction and the energy industry. KKR & Co is engaged in lending and hedges risks.

>Antiques, art, collectibles

An unusual and not very popular direction - despite the potentially high profitability, it requires specific knowledge, sometimes a certain specialized education.

Pros: the opportunity to have hundreds of percent profit, and this is not the limit; not subject to inflation; There is a very big benefit from playing “long distances”.

Cons: the need for serious capital; finding a buyer can take a very long time; the need to spend money on experts to confirm the authenticity of products.

Hedge funds.

Like mutual funds, hedge funds also pool the capital of various investors and invest it. The only difference here is that hedge fund managers typically invest with little to no restrictions because they think these people should be able to invest where they can maximize the fund's returns. They charge funds high fees for their expertise. This hurt the hedge fund industry when promised returns never materialized.